Dessy Primbon: 2011

Minggu, 13 Februari 2011

Noun Phrases

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.

Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :
Subject

Example :

The children play on the forest.

Object

Example :

My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

Complement

Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

News Item

News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

The generic structure of News item :

Headline.

Correspondence.

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Sources :

Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.

Linguistic features :
Action verbs.
Verbal verbs.
Mental verbs.
Temporal circumstances.
Spatial circumstances.
Specific participants.

Example of News item :

Shark Savages Creek Swimmer

By John Orr and AAP

A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.

Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.

He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.

He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.

“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.

He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.

A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.

Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney

Finite Verbs

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.

Finite verb can form “Independent clause” which can stand by their own as complete sentences. An independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.

In English, only verbs in certain mood are finite. These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

In indicative mood, finite verbs must use verbs.

Example :

§ Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.

§ He has waited his father since morning.

§ The bulldozer demolished the restaurant.

2. Imperative mood : giving a command.

Dalam imperative mood, finite verbs tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.

Example :

§ Positive command : “Help me, please!”

§ Negative verb : “Don’t do that!”

Direct speech and Indirect speech

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.

The generic structure of Descriptive text :

Ø Identification :

Identifies phenomenon to be described.

Ø Description :

Describes part qualities and characteristic.

Linguistic features :
Specific participants.
Linking verbs.
Simple present.
Adjective.
Noun phrase.

Example of Descriptive text :

My lovely home

My house is only a five minutes walk from school.

It’s not very big, but very cosy and quiet. This is the place where we can relase and find our own space. In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing time from the pressure of school and work.

It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful painting of scenery hanging on the wall. My father is a keen gardener. He puts some pots of indoor plants near the door. In a low cabinet, you will see the trophies, pictures of my family, small toys,and some books.

I am lucky to have a room to myself. I paint the wall olive green. It’s my favourite colour. There is desk. I do my homework there. I also put a portable radio-tape there.

The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all day. There is a blue wall cabinet in it. It harmonizes with the grey wall tiles.

However, only few will give my home a second glance. Still we are very proud of it. It many not be a perfect one but, all the same, it is home sweet home.

Modals in the Past Form

Modals in the past are :

v Could.

v Might.

v Would.

v Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”

Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”

Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”

3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To give definite advice.

Example :

Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.

4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

Ø To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :
Orientation :

It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
Complication :

Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
Resolution :

The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
Re-orientation :

The ending of the story.
Evaluation :

The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.

2. Use past tense.

3. Use conjunction.

4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).

5. Use specific nouns.

6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :

1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.

2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.

3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.

4. Science fiction

Surprises and Disbeliefs

Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
What a surprises?
That’s very surpising!
Really?
Oh, no…………..
Are you serious?
What?
That’s unbelieveble!
Fancy that!
You’re kidding!
I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :

o Fantastic!

o How marvelous/beautiful!

o It’s very interesting!

o It’s great!

o It’s terrific!

o Wow, that’s amazing!

o Wonderful!

o What a nice……

o What a lovely flower!

o Hey, that’s really terrific!

Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of gratitude expression are :

v Thank you very much.

v Thanks.

v I’m grateful to…….

v I want to thank.

v I want to express my gratitude to……..

v I keep forgetting to thank you for…….

Respon of expressing :

v You are welcome.

v Don’t mention it.

v Not at all

v It was nothing at all.

v No problem

v Glad to be of help.

v (it was) my pleasure.

v I’m glad I could help.

v I’m glad I could do it.

v I’m glad I could be of help.

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :
What a nice dress.
You look great.
You look very nice.
I really must express my admiration for you………
Good grades.
Excellent.
Nice work.

Time to express compliment :
On his/her general appearance.
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
When you visit someone’s hous for the first time.
When other people do their best.

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expressing :
Let me congratulate you.
Congratulations on you successful business.
My congratulations on your success.
Congratulations on your promotion.
Good!
Tha’s great!
Isn’t that wonderful!
How fortunate.
Splendid!
Pretty good!

Responding :

· Thank you.

· Thanks, I needed that.

· That’s very kind of you.

· It’s very kind of you to say that.

· Do you really think so?

· You’ve made my day!

· The same to you.

· I’m glad you like it.

· Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.

Present Perfect

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

FORM
[has/have + past participle]

Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

Sabtu, 12 Februari 2011

Greetings

Greetings is the expression which used to address someone or other people

A.How do you greet other people ?

1 Good morning/ afternoon/evening/night/nite
2 Hello, dhina
_ hello,afgan
3 How are you ?
4 How’s life?
5 How are you getting along
6 Hi,Nurul
_ hi,dhina
7 How’s everting with you?

B. How do you introduce yourself?
1 Let me introduce my self , my name is dhina
2 Hello,I’m Kim Hyun Joong
3 Hi,I’m Afgan Syahreza.You can call me Afgan

C. How do you introduce other people ?
_ I would like to introduce Utari Dina Sari
_ I would like you to meet Debby
_ Excuse me, Let me introduce you a new friend.His name is Alexa

D. How do you close or end your conversation ?
_ Well, I should be going now. See you!
_ Well. I must be off now.I’ll talk to you !

For the example

Dhina : Morning, Mrs deby
Mrs. Deby : Morning ,dhina .How are you ?
Dhina : I’m fine. And Mrs ?
Mrs Deby : Fine too. Well, I must teach again in classroom .See
you dhina
Dhina : okay .mrs. See you too . Bye-Bye

Past Tense

Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.

Past tense is used :
When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
For a non-fact in the present or future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a car.
To refer a single event on the past

Example : I called Mary last night.
The past habitual action.

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces.

The Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc
Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.

Example : She worked at the office yesterday.
A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.

Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.

Question sentence are started with did as in Did she work at the office yesterday ?

Verbal

There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement

( - ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement

( ? ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object

( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object

( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.

As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement

( - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement

( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement

( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it expresses longer actions in the past.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement

( - ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?

Procedure Text

The Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc

The generic structures of procedure text are:
Goal / aim ( or title)
Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)
Steps ( the actions that must be taken)

For the example

‘’ How to make a sandwich ‘’

( aim/ goal)

You need ( materials)
2 slices of bread
Peanut butter
A banana
Honey

What you should do are ( steps) :
Take two slices of bread
Spread peanut butter
Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
Pour some honey over the bananas
Put the other slice of bread on top

Recount Text

The definition of Recount Text :

Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of Recount text are :
Orientation ( its gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened ,when it happened)
Events ( a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence )
Re-orentation ( restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :
Uses of simple past tense
Uses of temporal conjuctions ( when ,after,before,next,later,then)
Uses of personal pronoun ( I and We )

For the example of Recount text :

“ A visit to a sheep property “

Last holiday.I visited a sheep property .I helped in the shearing sheds an the yards .On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched.I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces shearers start early ( at 7.30 a.m )

After lunch,we started shearing the lambs .There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day.Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished.We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks.

As well ,we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yard for shearing the next day.Then it was time for tea ( that’s what my nanna calls dinner ).This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.

Annoucement

Definition of announcement:

Annoucement is something said ,written,or paintend to make know what has happened( more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement ,keep the following points:
The title/ type of event
Date /time ,place and
Contact person

Giving Intructions

Giving Intruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The example expression of giving instructions
Open your book
Close the door ,please !
Stand up ,please
Be quiet,please
Move them chair

1.We use as commanding word in the from of infinite

Without to : _ strand up

_ clean the room

2.We use be + adjective ,or noun or adverb

_ be careful

_ be on time

3.We use the word don’t + verb infinite without

To : _ don’t move !

_ don’t do it !

4. We use word please at beginning or at the end of an instruction to make it sounds more polite,for

Example : _ love me please

_ keep silent,please

Note : the tense used in giving instruction is ‘’ simple present ‘’

Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is a way or eexpression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to .

If yu want to gain attention of some people you can use this:
Attention, please
May I have your attention ,please ?
Excuse me, Look here !
Listen to me ,please !
Waiter ?
I’m sorry ,but……………..
Wow really ?

APPOINTMENT

Definition of appointment:

Appointment tell about agreement for meeting it is good to make an appointment before you meet or people.

1.Making an Appointment
Can I come and see you ?
I want to make an appointment to see
I ‘ll be there

2.Accepting an Appointment
Be there on time
It’s a deal
I’ll wait for you

3.Canceling an Appointment
I’m sorry ,I ‘m very busy
I ‘m terrible sorry I have to put off my Appointment

4.Changing an Appointment
What about……………( Tuesday at.04.00.p.m)
Do you have another time this afternoon
Well,I must be off now .I’ll talk to you later.

Happiness Expression

Definition of Happiness Expression :

Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings

What is happiness ?
It is important to first understand that the term ‘’happiness ‘’ refers to the emotion ,mood ,and state of happiness ,however researchers generally study the more enduring ‘’state”
Expression happiness is used to expression happiness feelings when we are successful to do something.

What would you say to express you happiness ?
I’m happy because……….
Fantastic
Great
My life’s fun of happy day
You make me happy
I’m so glad that you
I like ……..
I love……..
I’m statistied with
I’m pleased with
Congratulation !!

We can happiness expression of by :
Word( kata-kata)
Gestures ( gerakan )

For the example of dialouge about happiness expression:

Nhya : What do you accept from your birthday ,dhina?

Dhina : Fantastic ,I can a new bag from my father. That’s new bag .

It is very good

Nhya : Oh, I ‘m happy too hear it.

Dhina : Thank’z ,Nhya

Nhya : You are welcome

Langganan: Postingan (Atom)