Noun Phrases

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.

Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.


The function of Noun phrase :
Subject

Example :

The children play on the forest.

Object

Example :

My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

Complement

Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.


The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

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News Item

News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.


The generic structure of News item :

Headline.

Correspondence.

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Sources :

Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.


Linguistic features :
Action verbs.
Verbal verbs.
Mental verbs.
Temporal circumstances.
Spatial circumstances.
Specific participants.


Example of News item :


Shark Savages Creek Swimmer

By John Orr and AAP



A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.

Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.

He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.

He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.

“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.

He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.

A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.

Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney

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Finite Verbs

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.

Finite verb can form “Independent clause” which can stand by their own as complete sentences. An independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.


In English, only verbs in certain mood are finite. These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

In indicative mood, finite verbs must use verbs.

Example :

§ Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.

§ He has waited his father since morning.

§ The bulldozer demolished the restaurant.


2. Imperative mood : giving a command.

Dalam imperative mood, finite verbs tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.

Example :

§ Positive command : “Help me, please!”

§ Negative verb : “Don’t do that!”

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Direct speech and Indirect speech

 Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”


Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)


Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

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Descriptive Text

 Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.


The generic structure of Descriptive text :

Ø Identification :

Identifies phenomenon to be described.

Ø Description :

Describes part qualities and characteristic.


Linguistic features :
Specific participants.
Linking verbs.
Simple present.
Adjective.
Noun phrase.


Example of Descriptive text :


My lovely home


My house is only a five minutes walk from school.

It’s not very big, but very cosy and quiet. This is the place where we can relase and find our own space. In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing time from the pressure of school and work.

It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful painting of scenery hanging on the wall. My father is a keen gardener. He puts some pots of indoor plants near the door. In a low cabinet, you will see the trophies, pictures of my family, small toys,and some books.

I am lucky to have a room to myself. I paint the wall olive green. It’s my favourite colour. There is desk. I do my homework there. I also put a portable radio-tape there.

The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all day. There is a blue wall cabinet in it. It harmonizes with the grey wall tiles.

However, only few will give my home a second glance. Still we are very proud of it. It many not be a perfect one but, all the same, it is home sweet home.

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Modals in the Past Form

 Modals in the past are :

v Could.

v Might.

v Would.

v Should.


The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”

Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”


Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”


2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”

Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”


Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”


Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”


3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To give definite advice.

Example :

Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.


4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

Ø To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”


Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

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Narrative Text

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :
Orientation :

It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
Complication :

Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
Resolution :

The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
Re-orientation :

The ending of the story.
Evaluation :

The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.

2. Use past tense.

3. Use conjunction.

4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).

5. Use specific nouns.

6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :

1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.

2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.

3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.

4. Science fiction

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